Magalimoto amagetsi tsopano ndi ofala kwambiri m'misewu yathu, ndipo zomangamanga zochapira zikumangidwa padziko lonse lapansi kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito. Ndi ofanana ndi magetsi pa siteshoni ya mafuta, ndipo posachedwa, adzakhala paliponse.
Komabe, izi zikubweretsa funso losangalatsa. Mapampu a mpweya amangothira madzi m'mabowo ndipo akhala akukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali. Sizili choncho m'dziko la ma charger a EV, choncho tiyeni tifufuze momwe masewerawa alili panopa.
Ukadaulo wamagalimoto amagetsi wakula mofulumira kuyambira pomwe unayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazi. Popeza magalimoto ambiri amagetsi akadali ndi malo ochepa oyendera, opanga magalimoto apanga magalimoto ochaja mwachangu kwa zaka zambiri kuti apititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchito. Izi zimachitika kudzera mukusintha kwa batri, zida zowongolera ndi mapulogalamu. Ukadaulo wochaja wapita patsogolo kwambiri kotero kuti magalimoto amagetsi aposachedwa tsopano amatha kuwonjezera mtunda wa makilomita mazana ambiri mumphindi 20 zokha.
Komabe, kuyatsa galimoto yamagetsi pa liwiro limeneli kumafuna magetsi ambiri. Chifukwa chake, opanga magalimoto ndi magulu amakampani akhala akugwira ntchito yopanga miyezo yatsopano yoyatsira kuti apereke mphamvu yamagetsi yapamwamba ku mabatire apamwamba agalimoto mwachangu momwe angathere.
Monga chitsogozo, malo ogulitsira magetsi a m'nyumba ku US amatha kupereka mphamvu ya 1.8 kW. Zimatenga maola 48 kapena kuposerapo kuti galimoto yamagetsi yamakono ija ...
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ma EV charging ports amakono amatha kunyamula mphamvu kuyambira 2 kW mpaka 350 kW nthawi zina, ndipo amafunika zolumikizira zapadera kwambiri kuti achite zimenezo. Miyezo yosiyanasiyana yakhala ikuwonekera kwa zaka zambiri pamene opanga magalimoto akuyang'ana kuyika mphamvu zambiri m'magalimoto mwachangu. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe zimasankhidwa kwambiri masiku ano.
Muyezo wa SAE J1772 unasindikizidwa mu June 2001 ndipo umadziwikanso kuti J Plug. Cholumikizira cha 5-pin chimathandizira kuyatsa kwa AC ya gawo limodzi pa 1.44 kW ikalumikizidwa ku soketi yamagetsi yapakhomo, yomwe imatha kuwonjezeredwa kufika pa 19.2 kW ikayikidwa pa siteshoni yoyatsira magalimoto yamagetsi yothamanga kwambiri. Cholumikizirachi chimatumiza mphamvu ya AC ya gawo limodzi pa mawaya awiri, zizindikiro pa mawaya ena awiri, ndipo chachisanu ndi cholumikizira cha dziko lapansi choteteza.
Pambuyo pa 2006, J Plug inakhala yofunikira pa magalimoto onse amagetsi omwe amagulitsidwa ku California ndipo inakhala yotchuka mwachangu ku US ndi Japan, ndipo inayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'misika ina yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Cholumikizira cha Type 2, chomwe chimadziwikanso ndi wopanga wake, Mennekes waku Germany, chidaperekedwa koyamba mu 2009 ngati cholowa m'malo mwa SAE J1772 ya EU. Chinthu chake chachikulu ndi kapangidwe kake ka cholumikizira cha 7-pin chomwe chingathe kunyamula mphamvu ya AC ya gawo limodzi kapena magawo atatu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chizitha kuchajitsa magalimoto mpaka 43 kW. Mwachizolowezi, ma charger ambiri a Type 2 amaposa 22 kW kapena kuchepera. Mofanana ndi J1772, ilinso ndi ma pin awiri a zizindikiro zoyambira kuyika ndi pambuyo poyika. Kenako ili ndi nthaka yoteteza, neutral ndi ma conductor atatu a magawo atatu a AC.
Mu 2013, European Union idasankha mapulagi a Type 2 ngati muyezo watsopano wolowa m'malo mwa J1772 ndi zolumikizira zodzichepetsa za EV Plug Alliance Type 3A ndi 3C zogwiritsira ntchito pochaja ma AC. Kuyambira pamenepo, cholumikizirachi chakhala chovomerezeka kwambiri pamsika waku Europe ndipo chikupezekanso m'magalimoto ambiri apadziko lonse lapansi.
CCS imayimira Combined Charging System ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito cholumikizira cha "combo" kuti ilole DC ndi AC kuchaja zonse. Yotulutsidwa mu Okutobala 2011, muyezowu wapangidwa kuti ulole kukhazikitsa kosavuta kwa DC charging yothamanga kwambiri m'magalimoto atsopano. Izi zitha kuchitika powonjezera ma conductor awiri a DC ku mtundu wa AC connector womwe ulipo. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya CCS, cholumikizira cha Combo 1 ndi cholumikizira cha Combo 2.
Combo 1 ili ndi cholumikizira cha Type 1 J1772 AC ndi ma conductor awiri akuluakulu a DC. Chifukwa chake, galimoto yokhala ndi cholumikizira cha CCS Combo 1 ikhoza kulumikizidwa ku chojambulira cha J1772 kuti chiwonjezeke cha AC, kapena ku cholumikizira cha Combo 1 kuti chiwonjezeke cha DC chothamanga kwambiri. Kapangidwe kameneka ndi koyenera magalimoto pamsika waku US, komwe zolumikizira za J1772 zakhala zofala.
Zolumikizira za Combo 2 zili ndi cholumikizira cha Mennekes cholumikizidwa ndi ma conductor awiri akuluakulu a DC. Pa msika waku Europe, izi zimalola magalimoto okhala ndi ma socket a Combo 2 kuti ayatsidwe pa AC imodzi kapena zitatu kudzera pa cholumikizira cha Type 2, kapena kuyatsa mwachangu kwa DC polumikiza ku cholumikizira cha Combo 2.
CCS imalola kuti AC iyambe kuyitanitsa malinga ndi muyezo wa J1772 kapena Mennekes sub-connector yomwe yamangidwa mu kapangidwe kake. Komabe, ikagwiritsidwa ntchito poyitanitsa mwachangu DC, imalola kuti mphezi iyambe kuyitanitsa mwachangu mpaka 350 kW.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti choyatsira cha DC chofulumira chokhala ndi cholumikizira cha Combo 2 chimachotsa kulumikizana kwa gawo la AC komanso kopanda mbali mu cholumikizira chifukwa sichifunikira. Cholumikizira cha Combo 1 chimawasiya pamalo ake, ngakhale kuti sagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mapangidwe onse awiriwa amadalira mapini ofanana a chizindikiro omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi cholumikizira cha AC kuti alumikizane pakati pa galimoto ndi choyatsira.
Monga imodzi mwa makampani otsogola pamakampani opanga magalimoto amagetsi, Tesla idayamba kupanga zolumikizira zake zoyatsira kuti zikwaniritse zosowa za magalimoto ake. Izi zidayambitsidwa ngati gawo la netiweki ya Tesla ya Supercharger, yomwe cholinga chake ndi kumanga netiweki yoyatsira mwachangu kuti izithandizira magalimoto a kampaniyo popanda zomangamanga zina zambiri.
Ngakhale kampaniyo imapatsa magalimoto ake zolumikizira za Type 2 kapena CCS ku Europe, ku US, Tesla imagwiritsa ntchito muyezo wake wa doko lochapira. Imatha kuthandizira kuchapira kwa AC gawo limodzi ndi magawo atatu, komanso kuchapira kwa DC kothamanga kwambiri ku siteshoni za Tesla Supercharger.
Malo oyambilira a Tesla otchedwa Supercharger ankapereka ma kilowatts okwana 150 pa galimoto iliyonse, koma pambuyo pake ma model amagetsi otsika m'mizinda anali ndi malire ochepera a ma kilowatts 72. Ma charger aposachedwa a kampaniyo amatha kupereka mphamvu yokwana 250 kW ku magalimoto omwe ali ndi zida zoyenera.
Muyezo wa GB/T 20234.3 unaperekedwa ndi Standardization Administration of China ndipo umakhudza zolumikizira zomwe zimatha kuyatsa mwachangu nthawi imodzi mu gawo limodzi la AC ndi DC. Sizikudziwika bwino kunja kwa msika wapadera wa EV ku China, umayesedwa kuti umagwira ntchito mpaka ma volts 1,000 DC ndi ma amplifiers 250 ndikuchaja pa liwiro la ma kilowatts 250.
Simungathe kupeza doko ili pa galimoto yosapangidwa ku China, yopangidwira msika wa China kapena mayiko omwe ali ndi mgwirizano wamalonda nawo.
Mwina kapangidwe kosangalatsa kwambiri ka doko ili ndi ma A+ ndi ma A- pini. Amayesedwa ma voltages mpaka 30 V ndi ma currents mpaka 20 A. Mu muyezo amafotokozedwa kuti ndi "mphamvu yothandizira yamagetsi yochepa yamagalimoto amagetsi omwe amaperekedwa ndi ma charger akunja kwa board".
Sizikudziwika bwino kuchokera kumasulira komwe ntchito yawo yeniyeni ndi iti, koma ikhoza kupangidwa kuti ithandize kuyambitsa galimoto yamagetsi ndi batire yofa kwathunthu. Pamene batire ya EV ndi batire ya 12V zonse zatha, zimakhala zovuta kuchaja galimoto chifukwa zamagetsi za galimotoyo sizingadzuke ndikulankhulana ndi chochaja. Ma contactors nawonso sangapatsidwe mphamvu kuti alumikize chipangizo chokoka kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana za galimotoyo. Ma pin awiriwa mwina apangidwa kuti apereke mphamvu zokwanira zoyendetsera zamagetsi oyambira a galimotoyo ndikupatsa mphamvu ma contactors kuti batire yayikulu yokoka ikwanitse kuchajidwa ngakhale galimotoyo itafa kwathunthu. Ngati mukudziwa zambiri za izi, omasuka kutiuza mu ndemanga.
CHAdeMO ndi muyezo wolumikizira magalimoto amagetsi, makamaka pa ntchito zochapira mwachangu. Imatha kupereka mphamvu yofika 62.5 kW kudzera mu cholumikizira chake chapadera. Uwu ndiye muyezo woyamba wopangidwa kuti upereke mphamvu yochapira mwachangu magalimoto amagetsi (mosasamala kanthu za wopanga) ndipo uli ndi mapini a basi a CAN kuti azitha kulumikizana pakati pa galimotoyo ndi chochapira.
Muyezowu unaperekedwa kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito padziko lonse lapansi mu 2010 mothandizidwa ndi opanga magalimoto aku Japan. Komabe, muyezowu wayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Japan kokha, pomwe Europe ikupitilizabe kugwiritsa ntchito Mtundu 2 ndipo US ikugwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira za J1772 ndi Tesla. Panthawi ina, EU idaganiza zokakamiza kuchotsedwa kwathunthu kwa ma charger a CHAdeMO, koma pamapeto pake idaganiza zofuna kuti malo ochapira azikhala ndi zolumikizira za Mtundu 2 kapena Combo 2.
Kusintha komwe kumagwirizana ndi kubwerera m'mbuyo kunalengezedwa mu Meyi 2018, komwe kudzalola ma charger a CHAdeMO kupereka mphamvu yofika 400 kW, kupitirira ngakhale zolumikizira za CCS m'munda. Othandizira CHAdeMO amaona kufunika kwake ngati muyezo umodzi wapadziko lonse lapansi osati kusiyana pakati pa miyezo ya US ndi EU CCS. Komabe, idalephera kupeza zinthu zambiri kunja kwa msika waku Japan.
Muyezo wa CHAdeMo 3.0 wakhala ukupangidwa kuyambira mu 2018. Umatchedwa ChaoJi ndipo uli ndi kapangidwe katsopano ka cholumikizira cha ma pin 7 komwe kapangidwa mogwirizana ndi China Standardization Administration. Ikuyembekeza kukweza chiwongola dzanja cha charger kufika pa 900 kW, kugwira ntchito pa 1.5 kV, ndikupereka ma amplifier onse a 600 pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe zoziziritsidwa ndi madzi.
Pamene mukuwerenga izi, mungakhululukidwe poganiza kuti kulikonse komwe mukuyendetsa galimoto yanu yatsopano ya EV, pali miyezo yosiyanasiyana yolipirira yomwe ingakupwetekeni mutu. Mwamwayi, sizili choncho. Madera ambiri amavutika kuthandizira muyezo umodzi wolipirira pomwe ena ambiri amasiya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magalimoto ambiri ndi ma charger m'dera linalake azigwirizana. Zachidziwikire, Tesla ku US ndi yapadera, koma ilinso ndi netiweki yawoyawo yolipirira.
Ngakhale pali anthu ena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chojambulira cholakwika pamalo olakwika panthawi yolakwika, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wa adaputala komwe akufunikira. M'tsogolomu, ma EV ambiri atsopano adzatsatira mtundu wa chojambulira chomwe chili m'malo awo ogulitsira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti moyo ukhale wosavuta kwa aliyense.
Tsopano muyezo wolipiritsa wapadziko lonse ndi USB-C
Chilichonse chiyenera kuyatsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito USB-C, palibe kupatulapo. Ndikuganiza kuti pali pulagi ya 100KW EV, yomwe ndi seti ya zolumikizira za USB C 1000 zomwe zimadzaza mu pulagi yomwe ikuyenda limodzi. Ndi zipangizo zoyenera, mutha kusunga kulemera kosakwana 50 kg (110 lb) kuti mugwiritse ntchito mosavuta.
Magalimoto ambiri a PHEV ndi magetsi ali ndi mphamvu yokoka yokwana mapaundi 1000, kotero mutha kugwiritsa ntchito thirakitala kunyamula ma adapter ndi ma converter anu. Peavey Mart ikugulitsanso ma genny sabata ino ngati pali ma GVWR mazana angapo otsala.
Ku Ulaya, ndemanga za mtundu 1 (SAE J1772) ndi CHAdeMO zimanyalanyaza kotheratu mfundo yakuti Nissan LEAF ndi Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV, magalimoto awiri amagetsi ogulitsidwa kwambiri, ali ndi zolumikizira izi.
Zolumikizira izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndipo sizikutha. Ngakhale Mtundu 1 ndi Mtundu 2 zimagwirizana pamlingo wa chizindikiro (kulola chingwe cha Mtundu 2 chochotsedwa kupita ku Mtundu 1), CHAdeMO ndi CCS sizigwirizana. LEAF ilibe njira yeniyeni yolipirira kuchokera ku CCS.
Ngati chochaja chofulumira sichingathenso kugwiritsa ntchito CHAdeMO, ndingaganizire mozama zobwerera ku galimoto ya ICE paulendo wautali ndikusunga LEAF yanga kuti ndigwiritse ntchito kwanuko kokha.
Ndili ndi Outlander PHEV. Ndagwiritsa ntchito DC fast charge kangapo, kuti ndiyese ndikakhala ndi contract yaulere. Inde, imatha kuchajitsa batri mpaka 80% mumphindi 20, koma izi ziyenera kukupatsani mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 20 pa EV.
Ma DC fast charger ambiri ndi otsika mtengo, kotero mutha kulipira pafupifupi nthawi 100 bilu yanu yamagetsi yanthawi zonse pa mtunda wa makilomita 20, zomwe ndi zambiri kuposa momwe mungakhalire mukuyenda pa petulo yokha. Charger ya mphindi imodzi si yabwino kwambiri, chifukwa imangokhala 22 kW.
Ndimakonda Outlander yanga chifukwa EV mode imakhudza ulendo wanga wonse, koma DC fast charging ndi yothandiza ngati nipple yachitatu ya mwamuna.
Cholumikizira cha CHAdeMO chiyenera kukhala chimodzimodzi pa masamba onse (tsamba?), koma musavutike ndi Outlanders.
Tesla imagulitsanso ma adapter omwe amalola Tesla kugwiritsa ntchito J1772 (ndithudi) ndi CHAdeMO (chodabwitsa kwambiri). Pomaliza pake anasiya kugwiritsa ntchito adaputala ya CHAdeMO ndipo anayambitsa adaputala ya CCS…koma pa magalimoto ena okha, m'misika ina. Adaputala yomwe imafunika kuti ipereke ndalama ku US Teslas kuchokera ku charger ya CCS Type 1 yokhala ndi socket ya Tesla Supercharger imapezeka kuti imagulitsidwa ku Korea kokha (!) ndipo imagwira ntchito pa magalimoto aposachedwa okha. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=584HfILW38Q
Kampani ya American Power komanso Nissan yati ikusiya kugwiritsa ntchito Chademo m'malo mwa CCS. Nissan Arya yatsopano idzakhala CCS, ndipo Leaf posachedwa idzasiya kupanga.
Katswiri wa zamagetsi waku Dutch Muxsan wapanga chowonjezera cha CCS cha Nissan LEAF kuti chilowe m'malo mwa doko la AC. Izi zimathandiza kuti Type 2 AC ndi CCS2 DC ziyambe kuyitanitsa pamene zikusunga doko la CHAdeMo.
Ndikudziwa 123, 386 ndi 356 popanda kuyang'ana. Chabwino, kwenikweni, ndasokoneza ziwiri zomaliza, choncho ndiyenera kuyang'ana.
Inde, makamaka mukaganiza kuti yalumikizidwa ndi nkhani yake ... koma ndinayenera kudina pa iyo ndekha ndipo ndikuganiza kuti ndiyo, koma nambalayo sindipatsa chidziwitso chilichonse.
Cholumikizira cha CCS2/Type 2 chinalowa mu US monga muyezo wa J3068. Chogwiritsidwa ntchito chomwe chikufuna kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi cha magalimoto olemera, chifukwa mphamvu ya magawo atatu imapereka liwiro lofulumira kwambiri. J3068 imatchula mphamvu yamagetsi yokwera kuposa Type2, chifukwa imatha kufika 600V phase-to-phase. Kuchaja kwa DC ndikofanana ndi CCS2. Ma voltage ndi ma current omwe amapitilira miyezo ya Type2 amafuna zizindikiro za digito kuti galimoto ndi EVSE zitha kudziwa momwe zikuyendera. Pa mphamvu yamagetsi ya 160A, J3068 imatha kufika 166kW ya mphamvu ya AC.
"Ku US, Tesla imagwiritsa ntchito muyezo wake wa doko lochapira. Ikhoza kuthandizira kuyatsa kwa gawo limodzi la AC komanso gawo la magawo atatu"
Ndi gawo limodzi lokha. Kwenikweni ndi pulogalamu ya J1772 yosiyana yokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito a DC.
J1772 (CCS type 1) imatha kuthandizira DC, koma sindinaonepo chilichonse chomwe chimagwira ntchito. Protocol ya "wopusa" ya j1772 ili ndi mtengo wa "Digital Mode Required" ndipo "Type 1 DC" imatanthauza DC pa mapini a L1/L2." Type 2 DC" imafuna mapini owonjezera pa cholumikizira chophatikiza.
Zolumikizira za Tesla zaku US sizigwirizana ndi ma AC atatu. Olembawo amasokoneza zolumikizira zaku US ndi zaku Europe, zomwe zachiwiri (zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti CCS Type 2) zimatero.
Pankhani yofanana: Kodi magalimoto amagetsi amaloledwa kuyenda mumsewu popanda kulipira msonkho wa pamsewu? Ngati ndi choncho, bwanji? Poganiza kuti ndi malo abwino kwambiri (osavomerezeka) oteteza zachilengedwe komwe magalimoto opitilira 90% ndi amagetsi, kodi msonkho woti msewu upitirire udzachokera kuti? Mutha kuwonjezera zimenezo pamtengo wolipirira anthu onse, koma anthu amathanso kugwiritsa ntchito mapanelo a dzuwa kunyumba, kapena ngakhale majenereta a dizilo 'aulimi' (osalipira msonkho wa pamsewu).
Chilichonse chimadalira ulamuliro wa boma. Madera ena amangolipira msonkho wa mafuta. Ena amalipiritsa ndalama zolembetsa galimoto ngati ndalama yowonjezera ya mafuta.
Nthawi ina, njira zina zomwe ndalamazi zimabwezeredwa ziyenera kusintha. Ndikufuna kuwona njira yoyenera yomwe ndalama zimayenderana ndi mtunda ndi kulemera kwa galimoto chifukwa izi zimatsimikiza kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka komwe mumayika pamsewu. Misonkho ya kaboni pa mafuta ingakhale yoyenera kwambiri pabwalo losewerera.
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-21-2022
