Nthawi ya pambuyo pa mliri yabweretsa kuchuluka kwa kufunika kwa mafuta oyendera. Malinga ndi malingaliro apadziko lonse lapansi, madera otulutsa mpweya wochuluka monga ndege ndi sitima akuganizira kuti mafuta oyendera ndi imodzi mwa mafuta ofunikira kwambiri ochotsa mpweya woipa m'makampani oyendetsa mayendedwe. Kodi zinthu zili bwanji pakadali pano pankhani yaukadaulo wa biofuel? Kodi kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta oipa ndi kotani m'madera omwe ndi ovuta kuchotsa mpweya woipa? Kodi mfundo za mayiko otukuka ndi ziti?
Kukula kwa zokolola pachaka kuyenera kukulitsidwa
Mpaka pano, bioethanol ndi biodiesel akadali mafuta ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Bioethanol ikadali ndi udindo waukulu mu mafuta opangidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Siingogwira ntchito ngati mafuta ongowonjezedwanso komanso okhazikika kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta, komanso ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopangira ndi zosungunulira mumakampani opanga mankhwala.
Bungwe la International Energy Agency (IEA) linanena mu lipoti la "Renewable Energy 2023" kuti ngati cholinga cha mpweya woipa chikafika pa zero pofika chaka cha 2050, kupanga mafuta a biofuel padziko lonse kuyenera kukwera ndi avareji ya 11% pachaka kuyambira pano mpaka 2030. Akuyembekezeka kuti pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2030, mafuta otayidwa kukhitchini, zinyalala za chakudya ndi udzu wa mbewu zidzakhala gawo lalikulu la zinthu zopangira mafuta a biofuel, kufika pa 40%.
Bungwe la IEA linati kukula kwa kupanga mafuta a biofuel sikungathandize kukwaniritsa cholinga chenicheni mu 2050. Kuyambira 2018 mpaka 2022, kukula kwa pachaka kwa kupanga mafuta a biofuel padziko lonse lapansi ndi 4% yokha pofika chaka cha 2050, gawo la kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a biofuel m'magawo a ndege, apamadzi ndi misewu yayikulu liyenera kufika pa 33%, 19% ndi 3%.
Bungwe la IEA likuyembekeza kuti kufunikira kwa mafuta a biofuel padziko lonse lapansi kudzakula ndi malita 35 biliyoni pachaka pakati pa 2022 ndi 2027. Pakati pawo, kukula kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a dizilo wongowonjezedwanso ndi mafuta a bio-jet pafupifupi kumachokera ku mayiko otukuka; kukula kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a bioethanol ndi biodiesel pafupifupi kumachokera ku mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene.
Pakati pa 2022 ndi 2027, gawo la mafuta ochokera ku biofuels m'gawo la mafuta oyendera padziko lonse lapansi lidzakwera kuchoka pa 4.3% mpaka 5.4%. Pofika chaka cha 2027, kufunikira kwa mafuta ochokera ku bio-jet padziko lonse lapansi kukuyembekezeka kukula kufika pa malita 3.9 biliyoni pachaka, kuwirikiza nthawi 37 kuposa momwe zinalili mu 2021, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafuta onse agwiritsidwe ntchito m'ndege akhale pafupifupi 1% ya mafuta onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mafuta othandiza kwambiri pochotsa mpweya woipa m'mayendedwe
N'zovuta kwambiri kuchotsa mpweya woipa m'makampani oyendetsa mayendedwe. IEA ikukhulupirira kuti posachedwa mpaka pakati, mafuta a biofuel ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yochotsera mpweya woipa m'mayendedwe. Kupanga mafuta a biofuel padziko lonse lapansi kuyenera kuchulukitsa katatu kuyambira pano mpaka 2030 kuti cholinga cha kuchotsedwa kwa mpweya woipa kuchokera ku mayendedwe chifike mu 2050.
Pali mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa makampani kuti mafuta achilengedwe amapereka njira yotsika mtengo yochepetsera mpweya woipa wochokera ku gawo la mayendedwe m'zaka zikubwerazi. Ndipotu, kugwirizana ndi zomangamanga za mafuta achilengedwe zomwe zilipo kale kumapangitsa mafuta achilengedwe kukhala njira yothandiza yosinthira mafuta achilengedwe m'magalimoto omwe alipo kale.
Ngakhale magalimoto amagetsi akukula mofulumira, kusiyana kwa zinthu zofunika popanga mabatire akuluakulu komanso kuvutika kukhazikitsa malo ochajira m'malo osatukuka kumabweretsa mavuto pakugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo kwakukulu. Pakapita nthawi, pamene gawo la mayendedwe likukhala ndi magetsi ambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta achilengedwe kudzasinthira ku magawo omwe ndi ovuta kuwagwiritsa ntchito magetsi, monga ndege ndi zapamadzi.
"Mafuta amadzimadzi monga bioethanol ndi biodiesel amatha kulowa m'malo mwa mafuta ndi dizilo mwachindunji, kupereka njira zina zokhwima komanso zokulirapo pamsika womwe umayang'aniridwa ndi magalimoto oyaka mkati," adatero Heitor Cantarella, katswiri ku Agricultural Research Institute of Campinas ku Brazil.
Dziko langa likufulumizitsanso kufalitsa mafuta achilengedwe m'munda woyendera. Mu 2023, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a palafini m'ndege m'dziko langa kudzakhala pafupifupi matani 38.83 miliyoni, ndipo mpweya woipa wa kaboni wopitilira matani 123 miliyoni, zomwe zimapangitsa pafupifupi 1% ya mpweya wonse wa kaboni womwe umachokera m'dzikolo. Ponena za "kawiri ka kaboni", mafuta okhazikika a ndege pakadali pano ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yochepetsera mpweya woipa wa kaboni m'makampani oyendetsa ndege.
Mo Dingge, Wapampando komanso Mlembi wa Chipani cha Sinopec Ningbo Zhenhai Refining and Chemical Co., Ltd., posachedwapa wapereka malingaliro oyenera omangira njira yokhazikika yamakampani opanga mafuta oyendetsa ndege yomwe ikugwirizana ndi zenizeni za China: kufulumizitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira yayikulu komanso yothandiza yoperekera zinthu zopangira zinthu zachilengedwe monga mafuta otayira ndi mafuta; njira yodziyimira payokha komanso yowongolera yokhazikika ya dziko langa komanso njira yabwino yothandizira mfundo zamafakitale zimalimbikitsa chitukuko chabwino cha makampani opanga mafuta oyendetsa ndege okhazikika.
United States ndi Europe amapereka zokonda zandale
Pakati pa mayiko otukuka, dziko la United States likuchita khama kwambiri polimbikitsa chitukuko cha mafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku zomera. Zanenedwa kuti dziko la United States lapereka ndalama zokwana US$9.7 biliyoni ku makampani opanga mafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku zomera kudzera mu lamulo lochepetsa kukwera kwa mitengo ya zinthu.
Mu February, bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency ndi dipatimenti ya mphamvu ya US adalengeza mogwirizana kuti ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa motsatira lamulo lochepetsa kukwera kwa mitengo zidzaperekedwa patsogolo kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ku makampani omwe ali ndi mapulojekiti akuluakulu aukadaulo wa biofuel kuti akonze magwiridwe antchito ndikuchepetsa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ukadaulo wa biofuel.
Joseph Goffman, mkulu wa bungwe la EPA la Ofesi ya Mpweya ndi Ma radiation, anati: “Ntchitoyi yapangidwa kuti ilimbikitse luso pakupanga mafuta a biofuel apamwamba.” Jeff Marootian, wachiwiri kwa mlembi wamkulu wa mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito bwino mphamvu ndi mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso ku Dipatimenti ya Mphamvu ku US, anati: “Kuyika ndalama mu ukadaulo wa biofuel, kuti tikwaniritse kufunikira kwakukulu kwa mafuta oyendetsera ndege okhazikika komanso mafuta ena a biofuel otsika mpweya.”
Mayiko ena a EU amakhulupirira kuti mafuta achilengedwe ayenera kuphatikizidwa mu dongosolo la mafuta lopanda mpweya wa carbon lomwe limayang'anira EU kuti makampaniwa athe kukopa ndalama.
Khoti la Owerengera ku Ulaya lati EU ilibe njira yokhazikika yogwiritsira ntchito mafuta achilengedwe, zomwe zingasokoneze zolinga za chigawochi zochotsa mpweya woipa m'magalimoto. Ndipotu, maganizo a EU pa mafuta achilengedwe akhala akusinthasintha. Poyamba cholinga chake chinali kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mafuta achilengedwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa magalimoto kufika pa 10% pofika chaka cha 2020, koma kenako anasiya cholingachi. Pakadali pano, EU ikuzindikira kuti mafuta achilengedwe ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu pantchito zoyendetsa ndege, zombo zonyamula katundu ndi zina, ndipo ikuyambiranso chidaliro pa chitukuko.
Nikolaos Milionis, mkulu wa Khoti Loona za Owerengera ku Ulaya, adavomereza kuti mfundo za EU zokhudzana ndi mafuta a biofuel ndi zovuta ndipo zasintha pafupipafupi m'zaka 20 zapitazi. "Ma biofuel angathandize pa cholinga cha EU choletsa mpweya woipa komanso kulimbitsa chitetezo chawo cha mphamvu, koma pakadalibe kusowa kwa mapulani omveka bwino komanso otsimikizika a chitukuko. Kusowa kwa malangizo a mfundo mosakayikira kudzawonjezera zoopsa zogulira ndalama ndikuchepetsa kukopa kwa makampani opanga mafuta a biofuel ku Europe."
Susie
Kampani ya Sichuan Green Science & Technology Ltd.,
0086 19302815938
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-30-2024
